Substitutes for the Special Characters   Consonants tet →→ t: shin→→ sh tsade →→ s: ’（alef）→→ ’   VOWELS →→ a: i: u: e: â î û ê →→ a; i; u; e; á í ú é →→ a2 i2 u2 e2 à ì ù è →→ a3 i3 u3 e3 Parentheses { }　Dittography by scribes /unneeded characters < >　Omission by scribes [ ]　Unpreserved part ⌈ ⌉  →→ “ “(double quatation) Only the lower part remaining ⌊ ⌋  →→ “ “(double quatation) Only the upper part remaining Sumerogram / Logogram Capital letters are used for them 　 Determinative ex.) dEn-ki-du = d.En-ki-du　 nisimesh = nisi.mesh　 　 Abbreviations DINGIR → d. I/m → m. mi2/sal → f.